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Sources archived for The lost middle

Every document opened from the web for the paper’s references, archived at gs://avantifellows-research-sources/plfs/pathways/whitepaper/, and each file name below links to its copy. Anyone signed in with an avantifellows.org Google account can open them; nobody outside Avanti can. (The original archive is gs://avantifellows-external-data/reference-papers/plfs-pathways/; all 38 files were copied from it on 30 September 2026 and each still matches the SHA-256 below.) Key = the {{key}} marker in whitepaper_source.md. The archived copy is what the paper was checked against; the source URL is where it was fetched from on the date shown and may rot. HTML snapshots are the page as served to curl -4 -A Mozilla/5.0; .md text-captures are verbatim fetcher output where the site blocked curl. Third-party documents are archived for verification; copyright stays with their publishers.

Key File Fetched from On Bytes SHA-256
agecap agecap_ssc_cgl-2026-notice.pdf https://ssc.gov.in/api/attachment/uploads/masterData/NoticeBoards/Notice_of_adv_cgl_2025.pdf 2026-09-15 4,251,150 54a01dda220cb883…
agecap agecap_ssc_chsl-2026-notice.pdf https://ssc.gov.in/api/attachment/uploads/masterData/NoticeBoards/Notice_of_adv_chsl_2025.pdf 2026-09-15 4,247,462 665f53b9dd0ec3c1…
bvoc bvoc_ijsr_jagtap-ramteke_2022.pdf https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v11i6/SR22625010323.pdf 2026-09-14 302,012 5be4c9dca3738ad8…
bvoc bvoc_impri_ncrf-review_2026-08-11.html https://www.impriindia.com/insights/policy-update/national-credit-framework-ncrf-2023-implementation-and-way-forward/ 2026-09-14 179,768 42403d80d809d6b2…
costs costs_aicte_diploma-pay-scales-regulations_2019.pdf https://coer.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/AICTE-Diploma-Pay-Scales-Qualifications-and-Promotions.pdf 2026-09-15 572,405 237aecbc568e2157…
costs costs_msje_hostel-scheme-guidelines_rev-2017-18.pdf https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Guidelines%20Hostel%20Scheme%20(Revised%202017-18)636439278258795470.pdf 2026-09-15 697,231 7b13de4815617aff…
costs costs_pib_dearness-allowance-60pct_2026-04-18.html https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2253245&reg=3&lang=1 2026-09-15 64,559 c6d7f4e2c3bc983e…
engvac engvac_careers360_aicte-btech-data_2023-04-27.html https://news.careers360.com/btech-engineering-college-aicte-data-course-placement-admission-graduation-aishe-vacant-seats 2026-09-14 181,671 750c0f7e5db348c1…
engvac engvac_theprint_iftikhar_2025-03-07_text-capture.md https://theprint.in/india/education/indias-engineering-courses-are-losing-their-sheen-low-enrolment-placement-rates-present-grim-picture/2538476/ 2026-09-14 1,780 5832df09da000766…
iza iza_dp15002_chen-kanjilal-bhaduri-pastore_2022.pdf https://docs.iza.org/dp15002.pdf 2026-09-14 1,144,516 6cc5ee0c1e32385f…
karn karn_deccan-herald_aicte-intake-cut_2024-12-18.html https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/india%2Fkarnataka%2Faicte-tells-karnataka-to-cut-intake-at-3-govt-engineering-colleges-by-25-3321901 2026-09-15 239,227 f854b04e52ac5eea…
karn karn_deccan-herald_faculty-vacancy_2024-12-30.html https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/india%2Fkarnataka%2Ffaculty-crisis-at-karnataka-govt-engg-colleges-as-50-positions-vacant-3335698 2026-09-15 242,074 6a005d02b836a0a0…
kota kota_lokniti-csds_kota-mental-health_2023.pdf https://www.lokniti.org/media/upload_files/Kota%20Study%202023-Issues%20of%20Mental%20Health%20amongst%20students%C2%A0in%C2%A0Kota-Survey%20Findings.pdf 2026-09-15 721,427 05f81973dd264fd0…
lok lok_csds-kas-youth-2016_key-highlights_2017-04-03.pdf https://www.lokniti.org/media/upload_files/KeyfindingsfromtheYouthStudy.pdf 2026-09-14 84,709 30562a5014b518f8…
lok lok_csds-kas-youth-2021_indian-youth-aspirations.pdf https://www.kas.de/documents/264392/264441/Youth+Report.pdf/f8d753a7-ea9b-a6fe-3c0c-b6f4fa9a7a17?version=1.0&t=1645680244584 2026-09-14 2,765,761 17055766418807de…
lok lok_csds-youth-2022_questionnaire.pdf https://lokniti.org/media/upload_files/Indian%20Youth%20In%20The%20Post-Pandemic%20World%20Issues%20Of%20Education%20Employment%20And%20Mental%20Health%20-%202022.pdf 2026-09-14 603,382 9d76b41382bcd933…
lok lok_csds-youth-2025_questionnaire.pdf https://lokniti.org/media/upload_files/The%20Aspirations%20of%20Youth%20and%20the%20Opportunities%20for%20More%20Meaningful%20Employment%202025.pdf 2026-09-14 756,542 576a1a132fcf7ac3…
lok lok_lokniti-social-political-barometer-2023_findings.pdf https://lokniti.org/media/upload_files/Social-and-Political-Barometer-2023-Survey-findings.pdf 2026-09-14 989,685 1c0b0094f2456b46…
lok lok_lokniti-social-political-barometer-2023_landing.html https://www.lokniti.org/content/Lokniti-CSDS-Survey 2026-09-14 14,210 885d6c52e7913a63…
mehr mehr_mehrotra_apu-cse-wp37_2021.pdf https://publications.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/4333/1/Mehrotra_TVET_India_Feb_2021.pdf 2026-09-14 444,288 bab903d6de22b072…
mehr mehr_ncaer_model-iti-midterm-review_2018-11-01.pdf https://ncaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Upgrading_Model_ITI_Final.pdf 2026-09-15 949,117 e41767de14e8a7a9…
mehr mehr_ncaer_publication-record.html https://ncaer.org/publication/mid-term-progress-review-of-centrally-sponsored-scheme-upgradation-of-existing-government-industrial-training-institutes-into-model-itis/ 2026-09-15 123,895 60ca868fee57af41…
mehr mehr_thewire_mehrotra-sharma_2025-02-07.html https://m.thewire.in/article/economy/govts-push-towards-skilling-big-funding-poor-outcomes 2026-09-14 140,353 becdb306fac3cdc2…
niti23 niti23_niti-aayog_transforming-itis_2023-01.pdf https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-02/ITI_Report_02022023_0.pdf 2026-09-14 3,517,585 9a268e894e40c58e…
pmkvy pmkvy_business-standard_2025-04-20.html https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/house-panel-asks-skill-ministry-to-update-placement-details-under-pmkvy-4-0-125042000540_1.html 2026-09-14 157,720 c290726513f261fc…
pmkvy pmkvy_careers360_24pct-budget_2026-08-11.html https://news.careers360.com/pmkvy-4-0-skill-development-scheme-misses-90pc-target-gets-24pc-budget-msde-pm-kaushal-vikas-yojana-courses-india-nsdc-2025-2026 2026-09-14 152,166 5594dfef4dc83c1f…
pmkvy pmkvy_careers360_panel-14pct-budget_2026-03-17.html https://news.careers360.com/pmkvy-4-0-skill-development-pm-setu-msde-flagship-scheme-overhaul-national-board-sip-budget-unspent-fund-iti-hub-and-spoke-panel/amp 2026-09-14 122,789 3c95817654c38cc6…
pmkvy pmkvy_indiaspend_18pct-placed_2023-09-19.html https://www.indiaspend.com/data-viz/govts-skill-development-scheme-placed-only-18-candidates-876460 2026-09-14 278,577 4a05e9a553f9958c…
pmkvy pmkvy_lok-sabha-committee_18LS_6th-report_2025-03.pdf https://sansad.in/getFile/lsscommittee/Labour,%20Textiles%20and%20Skill%20Development/18_Labour_Textiles_and_Skill_Development_6.pdf?source=loksabhadocs 2026-09-14 2,236,579 f1a74d010133aabb…
pms pms_cbga_post-matric-scholarship-pfm_2021.pdf https://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Assessing-Public-Finance-Management-Issues-in-the-Post-matric-Scholarship-Scheme-for-Scheduled-Castes-1.pdf 2026-09-15 2,144,015 54916ff23f23d470…
pms pms_pib_post-matric-delivery_2026-09-07.html https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2307396&reg=2&lang=1&v=sd 2026-09-15 80,214 c35fbfa1642a12cc…
poly08 poly08_careers360_105-of-500_2025-08-12.html https://news.careers360.com/105-polytechnic-institutes-upgraded-30-pc-women-hostels-not-built-scheme-delay-skill-development-msde-parliament-report/amp 2026-09-14 119,489 2de4d48a76f64c97…
poly08 poly08_lok-sabha-committee_18LS_10th-report_2025-08-06.pdf https://sansad.in/getFile/lsscommittee/Labour,%20Textiles%20and%20Skill%20Development/18_Labour_Textiles_and_Skill_Development_10.pdf?source=loksabhadocs 2026-09-14 1,168,829 cdb0526de4caf4e8…
poly08 poly08_lok-sabha-committee_18LS_3rd-report_2024-12.pdf https://sansad.in/getFile/lsscommittee/Labour,%20Textiles%20and%20Skill%20Development/18_Labour_Textiles_and_Skill_Development_3.pdf?source=loksabhadocs 2026-09-14 2,305,999 18cf80cc071c45de…
setu setu_worldbank_ESSA-draft_P507910_2025-09-29.pdf https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099092925073012867/pdf/P507910-b22eb706-fd50-4387-96ed-0c9da7f67fc9.pdf 2026-09-14 4,227,010 1c127adc39bb4efd…
setu setu_worldbank_ESSA-final_P507910_2026-01-06.pdf https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099010526220021766/pdf/P507910-12126358-24df-4e66-a41e-10f87a2ce1b7.pdf 2026-09-14 4,147,189 9259f60eb72c42ed…
setu setu_worldbank_PADHP00147_P507910_2026-01-05.pdf https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099010826174039680/pdf/BOSIB-cbe20117-dde5-4621-bac3-3e34c1896433.pdf 2026-09-14 1,274,327 81bff0eed627523d…
setu setu_worldbank_document-list_P507910.json https://search.worldbank.org/api/v3/wds?format=json&projectid=P507910&rows=100 2026-09-14 9,215 4d4e62326603e767…

Costings built from published rates, not measured

Section titled “Costings built from published rates, not measured”

costs is a costing, so two of its inputs are rules rather than observations and are named here so anyone can vary them: House Rent Allowance at 30/20/10% of basic for X/Y/Z cities (the 7th Pay Commission slab in force since dearness allowance passed 50%), and the employer’s National Pension System share at 14% of basic plus dearness allowance (Gazette, 2019). Both are standard and neither was opened as a document here; the basic pay and the dearness-allowance rate underneath them were.

  • The committee’s Seventeenth Report (Demands for Grants 2026-27, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, March 2026), the primary source for PMKVY 4.0’s 14% budget utilisation. Every route into the Parliament estate failed on 14 and 15 September 2026: sansad.in/getFile returns HTTP 500 for every report numbered 15 and above while 1 to 14 download normally, eparlib.sansad.in refuses the connection, and the committee’s own page on sansad.in returns 500. This is an outage, not a bad citation. The 14% is cited to Careers360’s report of the document, archived above; re-try the primary when the file server recovers.
  • The Lokniti-CSDS-KAS youth study released 26 July 2023 (Indian Youth in the Post-Pandemic World, 9,316 respondents, 18 states), the source of the “three in five want a government job” figure the press carried. Neither organisation publishes the report: Lokniti hosts only the questionnaire (archived above, and headed Youth and Mental health 2022, so the fieldwork predates the release year), and every Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung document path for it returns 403. The paper therefore uses the 2016 and 2021 reports, both of which were read in full.

Documents kept because an earlier draft cited them and the correction has to be checkable, not because the paper still rests on them: the Azim Premji working paper (mehr, does not contain the figure attributed to it), The Wire article (mehr, the relay), the Lokniti barometer landing page and findings PDF (lok, the wrong document), and the Business Standard article (pmkvy, does not carry the 14%).